The Romanichals (also Romnichals) are groups of Romani people The Romani are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe, who trace their origins to medieval India (also known as Gypsies) found in some parts of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[note 7] is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land, notably England The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant. The word "Romanichal" is derived from Romani chal, where chal is Angloromani for "fellow".[6][7]

They are thought to have arrived in Britain in the 16th century and were descendants of the Illes clan of Eastern Hungary Hungary /ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság listen (help·info)), is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a. They are related to the Welsh Kale The Kale are a group of Romani people who reside in Wales. Many claim to be descendant of Abram Wood, who was the first Romani to reside permanently and exclusively in Wales in the early 1700s, though Romanies have appeared in Wales since the 1400s. Generally speaking, the Kale have employed a tribal structure in which a group of several family and originally spoke the same dialect of Romanies, Scottish Lowland gypsies especially at Yetholm and the borders and also to other Romani groups in continental Europe.

They (and their descendants) are also to be found throughout the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language and also in Australia For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of the roughly 250 language groups. After sporadic visits by fishermen from the immediate north and discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by the British.[8]

Contents

Language

Main article: Angloromani language

The Romani people in England are thought to have spoken the Romani language Romani or Romany, Gypsy or Gipsy is the language of the Romani people. It is an Indo-Aryan language, sometimes included in either the "Central" or the "Northwestern" group, sometimes treated as a branch of its own until the nineteenth century, when it was replaced by English and Angloromani, a creole language A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that has originated from a pidgin language that has been nativized . The vocabulary of a creole language consists of cognates from the parent languages, though there are often clear phonetic and semantic shifts. On the other hand, the grammar often has original features but may differ that combines the syntax In linguistics, syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages and grammar In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics. Linguists do not normally use the of English with the Romani Lexicon.[9] Most Romanichals also speak English.

Many Angloromani words have been incorporated into English, particularly in the form of British slang British slang is English language slang used in Great Britain. While some slang words and phrases are used throughout all of Britain , others are restricted to smaller regions. London has its own varieties of slang, one of the most well-known of which is Cockney rhyming slang..

History

Further information: History of the Romani people The Romani people, also referred to as the Roma or Gypsies, are an ethnic group who live primarily in Europe. They are believed to have originated in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. They began their migration to Europe and North Africa via the Iranian plateau about 1,000 years ago. The reason for their diaspora remains an enigma The migration of the Romanies through the Middle East The Middle East is a region that encompasses southwestern Asia and Egypt. In some contexts, the term has recently been expanded in usage to sometimes include Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and North Africa. It's often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and Northern Africa North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes seven countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Mauritania, and to Europe

The Romani people have origins in the Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent, also Indian Subcontinent and other terms, is a region of the Asian continent on the Indian tectonic plate south of the Himalayas, forming a land mass which extends southward into the Indian Ocean and began migrating westwards from the 11th century. The first groups of Romani people arrived in Great Britain Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 61.8 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of by the end of the 15th century, escaping conflicts in Southeastern Europe Southeastern Europe is a relatively recent political designation for the Balkan states. Because of the negative connotations of the term Balkan, writers such as Maria Todorova and Vesna Goldsworthy have suggested the use of the term Southeastern Europe instead. The use of this term is slowly growing; a European Union initiative of 1999 is called (such as the Ottoman The Ottoman Empire was a regime that lasted from 1299 to 1923 conquest of the Balkans The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia. The region has a combined area of 550,000 km2 (212,000 sq mi) and a population of 55 million people.[citation needed]). In 1506 there are recorded Romani persons in Scotland Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland,[10] arrived from Spain Spain (pronounced /ˈspeɪn/ spayn; Spanish: España, pronounced [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.[note 6] Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for and to England The area now called England has been settled by people of various cultures for about 35,000 years, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant in 1512.[10] Soon the leadership passed laws aimed at stopping the Romani immigration and at the assimilation of those already settled.

Under the Reign of Henry VIII Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) and claimant to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII, the Egyptians Act (1530) banned Romanies from entering the country and required those living in the country to leave within 16 days. Failure to do so could result in confiscation of property, imprisonment and deportation. During the reign of Mary I Mary I was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death. She was the eldest daughter of Henry VIII and only surviving child of Catherine of Aragon. As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, the act was amended with the Egyptians Act (1554), which removed the threat of punishment to Romanies if they abandoned their "naughty, idle and ungodly life and company" and adopted a settled lifestyle, but on the other hand increased the penalty for noncompliance to death.

In 1562 a new law offered Romanies born in England and Wales the possibility of becoming citizens, if they assimilated in the local population. Despite this legislation, the Romani population managed to survive but was forced to a marginal lifestyle and subjected to continuous discrimination from the state authorities and many of the local non-Romanies. In 1596, 106 men and women were condemned to death at York York (locally /ˈjɔːk/ ) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence just for being Romani, but only nine were executed. The others were able to prove that they were born in England.

From the years 1780s, gradually, the anti-Romani laws were repealed, although not all. The identity of the Romanichals was formed in the years 1660–1800, as a Romani group living in Britain.

Persecution

Main article: Antiziganism Antiziganism or Anti-Romanyism is hostility, prejudice or racism directed at the Romani people, also known as Gypsies

Shipments to the Americas, Caribbean, and Australia

From the outset of their arrival in Britain, the Romanies were regarded with fear and suspicion, no doubt because of their dark complexion and foreign appearance that was far different from the local English population in the 16th century. England began to deport Romanichals as early as 1544, principally to Norway After World War II, Norway experienced rapid economic growth, with the first two decades due to the Norwegian shipping and merchant marine and domestic industrialization, and from the early 1970s, a result of exploiting large oil and natural gas deposits that had been discovered in the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea. Today, Norway ranks as the,[11][12] a process that was continued and encouraged by Elizabeth I Elizabeth I was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called the Virgin Queen, Gloriana, Oriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a and James I James VI & I was King of Scots as James VI from 1567 to 1625, and King of England and Ireland as James I from 1603 to 1625.[13] In 1603 an Order in Council was requested to transport Romanichal to Newfoundland Newfoundland (pronounced /ˈnjuːfənlænd/ ( listen); French: Terre-Neuve, Irish: Talamh an Éisc) is a large Canadian island 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) off the east coast of North America, and the most populous part of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, the West Indies The Caribbean is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands , and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and Northern America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America, France France (pronounced /ˈfrænts/ frantss or /ˈfrɑːnts/ frahnts; French pronunciation (help·info): [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a state in Western Europe with several of its overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian,, Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state,, Spain Spain (pronounced /ˈspeɪn/ spayn; Spanish: España, pronounced [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.[note 6] Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for and the Low Countries. European countries forced the further transportation of the British Romani to the Americas. Many times, those deported in this manner did not survive as an ethnic group An ethnic group is a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage that is real or assumed- sharing cultural characteristics This shared heritage may be based upon putative common ancestry, history, kinship, religion, language, shared territory, nationality or physical appearance. Members of an ethnic group are, because of the separations after the round up, the sea passage and the subsequent settlement as slaves, all destroying the social fabric. At the same time, voluntary emigration began to the English colonies. Romani groups that survived, continued the expression of the Romani culture there.

In the years following the American Wars of Independence, Australia was the preferred destination for Romanichal transportation, as its use as a penal colony. The exact number of British Romani deported to Australia is unknown. It has been suggested that three Romanichal were present on the First Fleet First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain on 13 May 1787 with about 1,487 people to establish the first European colony in New South Wales. It was a convict settlement, marking the beginnings of transportation to Australia. The fleet was led by Captain Arthur Phillip. The ships arrived at Botany Bay between 18,[14][14] one of whom was thought to be James Squire[14] who founded Australia's first commercial brewery in 1798, whose grandson James Farnell who became the first native-born Premier of New South Wales New South Wales , Australia's most populous state, is located in the south-east of the country, north of Victoria, south of Queensland, east of South Australia and encompasses the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. It was founded in 1788 and originally comprised much of the Australian mainland, as well as Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe in 1877. The total Romani population seems to be an extremely low number, when we consider that British Romani people made up just (0.01%) of the original 162,000 convict population.[14] However, it had been suggested that Romanichal were one of the main target groups and discriminated due to the draconian transportation laws of England in the mid-18th century.[15] It is often difficult to distinguish British Romani people of Wales and England from the majority of non-Romani convicts at the time. Therefore it is not known the precise number of British Romanies, although there are occurrences of Romani names and possible families within the convict population; however it is unclear if such people were members of the established Romani community.[15] Fragmentary records do exist and it is thought with confidence at least 50 or more British Romanies may have been repatriated to Australia, although the actual figure could be higher.[14] What is clear is that such deportation (as for all convicts) was harsh resulting in;

For Romani convicts transportation meant social and psychological death; exiled they had little hope of returning to England to re-establish family ties, cultural roots, continuous expression and validation that would have revived their Romani identity in the convict era. —Romani Culture and Gypsy Identity, Thomas Alan

One, however, is known to have returned to England. Henry Lavello (Lovell) was repatriated with a full pardon with a son born to an Aboriginal woman in Australia who was also repatriated.[14][16][17]

Slavery

Main article: Slavery in Britain and Ireland Slavery in Britain and Ireland dated back to the times of Roman occupation. It was finally abolished by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, with some exceptions for part of the British Empire. The prohibition on slavery and servitude is codified under Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights, incorporated into UK law by the Human Rights

In the 17th century Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell was an English military and political leader best known in England for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. Events that occurred during his reign and his politics are a cause of animosity between Ireland and the UK shipped Romanichals as slaves Slavery is a system in which people are the property of others. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand wages. In some societies it was legal for an owner to kill a slave; in others it was a crime to kill a slave to the American southern plantations[18] and there is documentation of English Romanies being owned by freed black slaves in Jamaica Jamaica (pronounced /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ) is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length and as much as 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, amounting to 11,100 square kilometres (4,300 sq mi). It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 190 kilometres (120 mi) west of Hispaniola,, Barbados Barbados (pronounced /bɑːˈbeɪdɒs, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊs/ ) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, 34 kilometres (21 mi) in length and as much as 23 kilometres (14 mi) in width, amounting to 431 square kilometres (166 sq mi). It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands, Cuba The Republic of Cuba (pronounced /ˈkjuːbə/ ; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] ( listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. It consists of the island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second and Louisiana Some Louisiana urban environments have a multicultural, multilingual heritage, being so strongly influenced by an admixture of 18th century French, Spanish and African cultures that they are considered to be somewhat exceptional in the U.S. Before the American influx and statehood at the beginning of the 19th century, the territory of current.[13][18][19] Gypsies, according to the legal definition, was anyone identifying themselves to be Egyptians or Gypsies.[20][21] The works of George Borrow reflects the influences this had on the Romani Language of England and others contain references to Romanies being bitcheno pawdel or Bitchade pardel, to be "sent across" to America or Australia, a period of Romani history by no means forgotten by Romanies in Britain today. One term reflects this in the contemporary Angloromani for "magistrate" is bitcherin' mush, the "transporter."

Romanichal lifestyle

Traditionally, Romanichals earned a living doing agricultural work and would move to the edges of towns for the winter months. There was casual work available on farms throughout the spring, summer and autumn months, and would start with seed sowing, planting potatoes and fruit trees in the spring, weeding in early summer, and there would be a succession of harvests of crops from summer to late autumn. Of particular significance was the hop Hops are the female flower clusters , of a hop species, Humulus lupulus. They are used primarily as a flavoring and stability agent in beer, to which they impart a bitter, tangy flavor, though hops are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine. Hops were cultivated continuously around the 8th or 9th century AD in industry, which employed thousands of Romanichals both in spring for vine training and for the harvest in early autumn. Winter months were often spent doing casual labour in towns or selling goods or services door to door.

Mass industrialization of agriculture in the 1960s led to the disappearance of many of the casual farm jobs Romanichals had traditionally carried out. This, and legislation aimed at stopping travellers camping on common land and roadsides, has forced large numbers of Romanichals to abandon their nomadic lifestyle and take on a sedentary existence.[22]

Travel

Romanichal style Reading Vardo late 19th century. Main article: Vardo (Romani wagon)

Originally, Romanichals would travel on foot, or with light, horse-drawn carts, typical of other Romani groups and would build "bender" tents where they settled for a time. A bender is type of tent constructed from a frame of bent hazel branches (hazel is chosen for its straightness and flexibility), covered with canvas or tarpaulin. These tents are still favoured by New Age Traveller The New Age Travellers are a group of people who often espouse New Age and/or hippie beliefs, and who travel between music festivals and fairs in the United Kingdom in order to live in a community with others who hold similar beliefs. Their transport and homes consist of vans, lorries, buses, narrowboats and caravans converted into mobile homes groups.

Around the mid to late-nineteenth century, Romanichals started using wagons that incorporated living spaces on the inside. These they called Vardos and were often brightly and colorfully decorated on the inside and outside. In the present day, Romanichals are more likely to live in caravans A travel trailer or caravan is towed behind a road vehicle to provide a place to sleep which is more comfortable and protected than a tent . It provides the means for people to have their own home on a journey or a vacation, without relying on a motel or hotel, and enables them to stay in places where none is available. However, in some countries.

British Acts of Legislation

Due to the Enclosure Act 1857 created the offence of injury or damage to village greens and interruption to its use or enjoyment as a place of exercise and recreation. The Commons Act 1876 makes encroachment or inclosure of a village green, and interference with or occupation of the soil unlawful unless it is with the aim of improving enjoyment of the green.

The Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960 states that no occupier of land shall cause or permit the land to be used as a caravan site unless he is the holder of a site licence. It also enables a district council to make an order prohibiting the stationing of caravans on common land, or a town or village green. These acts had the overall effect of preventing travellers using the vast majority of their traditional stopping places.

The Caravan Sites Act 1968 required local authorities to provide caravan sites for travellers if there was a demonstrated need. This was resisted by many councils who would claim that there were no Romanies living in their areas.[citation needed] The result was that insufficient pitches were provided for travellers, leading to the situation whereby holders of a pitch could no longer travel, for fear of losing it.

The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 removed the duty of local councils to provide authorised pitches and gave the Council and Police powers to move travellers on, subject to certain welfare issues. The official response of the government was that travellers should buy land and apply for planning permission to occupy it. However, those that did so found it extremely difficult to get planning permission, with more than 90% of applications by travellers refused.[citation needed]

In the first phase of the Second World War Albania · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burma · Cambodia · Canada · Ceylon (Sri Lanka) · Channel Islands · China · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Dutch East Indies · Egypt · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland ·, the Nazis Nazism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany. It was a unique variety of fascism that involved biological racism and anti-Semitism. Nazism presented itself as politically syncretic, incorporating policies, tactics and philosophies from right- and left-wing ideologies; in practice, Nazism was a far right form of drew up lists of Romani individuals (many of them Romanichals) and persons with Romani ancestry from the United Kingdom to be interned and subjected to Porajmos in the event of the country's occupation.[citation needed]

The crisis of the 1960s decade, caused by the Caravan Sites Act 1968 (stopping new private sites being built until 1972), led to the appearance of the "British Gypsy Council" to fight for the rights of the Romanichals.[23]

In the UK, the issue of "travellers" (referring to Irish Travellers and New Age Travellers as well as Romanichal and other groups of Romani people) became a 2005 general election issue, with the leader of the Conservative Party promising to review the Human Rights Act 1998. This law, which absorbs the European Convention on Human Rights into UK primary legislation, is seen by some to permit the granting of retrospective planning permission. Severe population pressures and the paucity of greenfield sites have led to travellers purchasing land and setting up residential settlements very quickly, thus subverting the planning restrictions[citation needed].

Romanichal including other ethnic groups of travellers, Irish Travellers and New Age Travellers, argued in response that thousands of retrospective planning permissions are granted in Britain in cases involving non-Romani applicants each year and that statistics showed that 90% of planning applications by Romanies and travellers were initially refused by local councils, compared with a national average of 20% for other applicants, disproving claims of preferential treatment favoring Romanies.[24]

They also argued that the root of the problem was that many traditional stopping-places had been barricaded off and that legislation passed by the previous Conservative government had effectively criminalised their community, for example by removing local authorities’ responsibility to provide sites, thus leaving the travellers with no option but to purchase unregistered new sites themselves.[25]

Romanichal

Main article: List of Romani people

English Romanies in popular culture and literature

Main article: Fictional representations of Romani people

Romanichals have been portrayed on numerous occasions in popular culture, literature, film and television. However most portrayals depict a mismatched amalgam of different groups and traditions.

Television

Film

Literature

Many of the descriptions in the 19th century are also the product of a romanticized view of Romanichal and other Romani groups, both idealized and reviled by Victorian and early-twentieth-century writers[26] which manifests itself in the works of fiction by many other authors throughout the Victorian Era to the present.

Poem and verse

The earliest literal references of Romanies in England occurs in the 16th century, as Romanies emigrated to Tudor England. However by the Elizabethan era this was a popular topic of the time, and suggests in his writings that William Shakespear was influenced by tales or interaction's with the Romanies. As was common at the time Shakespear referred to Romanies and believe they were Egyptians.[27][28]

Novels and short stories

Non fiction

Other media

See also

Notes

  1. ^ (Ethnic origin) The [1] shows 153,000 people claiming English Romanichal ancestry.
  2. ^ The [2] shows 170,000 people claiming English Romanichal ancestry.
  3. ^ a b [3] shows 14,000 people claiming English Romanichal ancestry.
  4. ^ (Ancestry) The [4] reports 5,300 people of English Romanichal ancestry.
  5. ^ [5] shows 1,200 people claiming English Romanichal ancestry.
  6. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition 1989, "Romany3, n. and a."
  7. ^ Manfri Frederick Wood. "Romanichal Word List". http://www.reocities.com/~Patrin/rumney.htm.
  8. ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rme Areas of Angloromani's use
  9. ^ University of Manchester Romani Project. "The Anglo-Romani project". http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/Research/Projects/romani/files/21_angloromani.shtml.
  10. ^ a b The dialect of the English Gypsies (1875) B. C. Smart et al. Published by Asher
  11. ^ Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture (2001) Walter Otto Weyrauch, University of California Press, 200
  12. ^ Bergman, Gösta, 1964. Slang och hemliga språk. Stockholm
  13. ^ a b MacRitchie, David, 1894. Scottish Gypsies under the Stuarts. Edinburgh: Constable
  14. ^ a b c d e f Romani Culture and Gypsy Identity (1997) Thomas Alan et al. University of Hertfordshire Press.
  15. ^ a b Donohoe. J.H. (1988) The Forgotten Australians Non-Anglo or Celtic Convicts and exiles.
  16. ^ Romani Culture and Gypsy Identity (1997)
  17. ^ Donohoe. J.H. (1985) The Forgotten Australians Non-Anglo or Celtic Convicts and exiles.
  18. ^ a b The Pariah Syndrome: An Account of Gypsy Slavery and Persecution Ian F. Hancock, (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Karoma, 1987)
  19. ^ Chambers, Robert, 1865. Domestic annals of Scotland from the reformation to the revolution. Edinburgh: Chambers. Vol.II.
  20. ^ Smith, Abbot E., 1971. Colonists in bondage. New York: Norton Co.
  21. ^ Beier, A. L., 1985. Masterless men: the vagrancy problem in England, 1560–1640. London and New York: Methuen.
  22. ^ BBC Kent Romany Roots. "Romany History". http://www.bbc.co.uk/kent/romany_roots/history/index.shtml.
  23. ^ The Patrin Web Journal - Timeline of Romani (Gypsy) History
  24. ^ "Gypsies and Irish Travellers: The facts". Commission on Racial Equality (UK). http://www.cre.gov.uk/gdpract/g_and_t_facts.html.
  25. ^ "Gypsies". Inside Out - South East. BBC. 2005-09-19. http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/southeast/series8/week_three.shtml.
  26. ^ Gypsies and the British Imagination, 1807–1930 (2006). Deborah Epstein Nord. Columbia University Press
  27. ^ Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society By Gypsy Lore Society 1889
  28. ^ Story of the Gypsies By Konrad Bercovici
  29. ^ The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet By William Shakespeare, Joseph Allen Bryant
  30. ^ When Romeo Met Juliet By Leslie Dunkling
  31. ^ The tragedy of Romeo and Juliet By William Shakespeare, Joseph Allen Bryant
  32. ^ When Romeo Met Juliet By Leslie Dunkling
  33. ^ As You Like It By William Shakespeare Editorial Review - School Library Journal vol. 55 iss. 3 p. 171 (c) 03/01/2009
  34. ^ K. E. Chambers. William Shakespear: A study of Facts and Problems, 2 vols., (Vol 1 Oxford Clarendon Press 1930)
  35. ^ Shakespeare's Caliban: a cultural history By Alden T. Vaughan, Virginia Mason Vaughan 1993 Cambridge University Press
  36. ^ Albert Kluyber “Kalis and Calibon” trans. A. E. H. Swain Englich studien XXI (1895): 326-28; John Holland A Hystorical Survey of The Gypsies (London printed for the author 1816) p.148; B.C. Smart and H. T. Crofton, eds., The Dialect of The English Gypsies 2nd ed., London 1875. p92.
  37. ^ K. E. Chambers. William Shakespear: A study of Facts and Problems, 2 vols., (Vol 1 Oxford Clarendon Press 1930)
  38. ^ K. E. Chambers. William Shakespear: A study of Facts and Problems, 2 vols., (Vol 1 Oxford Clarendon Press 1930)
  39. ^ Shakespeare's Caliban: a cultural history By Alden T. Vaughan, Virginia Mason Vaughan 1993 Cambridge University Press
  40. ^ http://website.lineone.net/~rtfhs/pubs4c.html
  41. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/kent/voices/book_reviews/dark_blood.shtml
  42. ^ Charles Dickens And Travellers by John Pateman

References

Romani people around the world

Cultural groups Roma (Boyash • Kalderash • Lovari • Machvaya • Ruska Roma • Servitko Roma • Ursari • Muslim Roma) • Ashkali • Cascarots • Erromintxela • Gitanos • Finnish Kale • Welsh Kale • Romanichal • Sinti • Manouche • Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl) • Kawliya (sometimes considered Romani: Dom • Lom • Lyuli • Bosha • Garachi)

By location: Central and Eastern Europe: Croatia • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Greece • Cyprus • Hungary • Kosovo • Republic of Macedonia • Romania • Russia • Serbia • Slovakia • Spain • Ukraine Western and Northern Europe: Finland • France • Spain Near East: Armenia • Syria • Turkey Americas: Black Dutch

Settlements and communities Sulukule • Agia Varvara • Mitrovica refugee camps • Stolipinovo • Rudolice nad Bílinou • Šuto Orizari Municipality • Bangladeš • Budeşti • Jatagan Mala • Zanea
Migration to the United Kingdom from Europe
Central Europe Austrian · Czech · German · Hungarian · Polish
Eastern Europe Belarusian · Russian · Ukrainian
Northern Europe
Baltic (Lithuanian)· Irish (Irish Traveller) · Scandinavian
Southern Europe Bulgarian · Gibraltarian1 · Greek · Italian · Kosovan · Macedonian · Maltese · Portuguese · Romanian · Serbian · Spanish
Western Europe Dutch · French (Huguenot)
Notes

1. Gibraltar is a British overseas territory and not an independent state
Migration to the United Kingdom from Asia
East Asia Chinese (Hong Kong) · Mongolian · Japanese · Korean
South Asia Afghan · Bangladeshi · Indian · Nepali · Pakistani · Sri Lankan · Tamil
Southeast Asia Burmese · Filipino · Malaysian · Singaporean · Thai · Vietnamese
West Asia

Armenian · Assyrian · Cypriot · Iranian · Iraqi · Israeli · Kurdish · Lebanese · Turkish · Yemeni

Categories: British Romani people | Roma minorities | Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom

 

The above information uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Some facts may not have been fully verified for accuracy. [Disclaimers]
This page was last archived by our server on Fri Jul 30 17:50:48 2010. [ refresh local cache ]
Displaying this page or its contents does not use any Wikimedia Foundation's resources.
The owners of this site proudly support the Wikimedia Foundation.

[Hide]▼
[Hide]▲